The Tempest and Antigone Essay -- Comparative, Shakespeare, Sophocles

In William Shakespeare’s The Tempest and in Sophocles’ Antigone, both authors explore and illustrate the differences between â€Å"human law† and â€Å"higher law†. The two authors have different opinions about those laws. In The Tempest, Prospero uses his magic to manipulate various characters, and he often uses his magic to follow the plot of the story by his own way. Prospero uses his magic for total control over the people on the island where he lives. In Antigone, Creon, the King of Thebes, uses his title to manipulate others that kills Haemon and Antigone. Though the ending is more tragic in Creon’s control than in Prospero’s, by the end of Creon’s manipulation, the Greek Gods destroys Thebes. Regardless of the differences between the plays, both have different views of â€Å"human law† and â€Å"higher law†. Through the character and the setting development of the story in both plays, it is obvious that Shakespeare favors â€Å"human law† and Sophocles favors â€Å"higher law†. In Shakespeare’s The Tempest, the focus throughout the story is on the â€Å"human law† as Prospero is seen as a manipulator. Near the beginning of the play, Prospero enslaves Caliban, and he obeys Prospero all the time when Prospero orders him to do so. After Prospero gives instructions what to do, Caliban says in an aside that, â€Å"[He] must obey. [Prospero’s] art is of such power/ It would control [his] dam’s god, Setebos, / And make a vassal of [Setebos]† (Shakespeare I.ii.448-450). When Prospero threatens Caliban that he, â€Å"would control [Caliban’s] dam’s god, Setebos† (Shakespeare I.ii.449), making Prospero more powerful than the gods. Prospero’s actions prove that he is the top of the Great Chain of Being. Thus, Shakespeare use of indirect characterization demonstrates to the au... ... In Shakespeare’s The Tempest and in Sophocles Antigone, the text compares itself whether if the belief is toward â€Å"human law† or â€Å"higher law†. Prospero, in The Tempest, is a person who did control others and proves the point that no gods rule. However, Creon, in Antigone, also did control others yet, in that time, the Gods did rule and they did make the lives in Thebes destructive when one breaks their laws. Comparing the two plays, the authors did write in two different periods with different beliefs. The ancient belief is the setting where the â€Å"higher law† is in effect when Antigone is in place. Moreover, in colonialism, there is a different belief, which the â€Å"human law† is in order when The Tempest is in place. Whereabouts, the authors seem to favor different laws depending either of how the authors make their stories or in what kind of setting is taken place.

Aboriginal Land Rights within Australia Essay -- Rights of Indigenous

Terra Nullius was once apparent in Australian society, but has now been nullified with the turn of the century. With the political changes in our society, and the apology to Indigenous Australians, society is now witnessing an increase in aboriginals gaining a voice in today’s society. Described by Pat Dodson (2006) as a seminal moment in Australia’s history, Rudd’s apology was expressed in the true spirit of reconciliation opening a new chapter in the history of Australia. Considerable debate has arisen within society as to whether aboriginals have a right to land that is of cultural significance and whether current land owners will be able to keep their land. An issue facing society is whether legislation in place is sufficient in balancing the rights of Indigenous Australians and the rights of current land owners who will be affected by the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth). To determine whether legislation is sufficient and fair, an investigation into the current societal view point needed to be considered by legislators. These legislators needed to evaluate the ways in which other societies had catered to the needs of indigenous land owners. Through consideration of these points, recommendations and changes to legislation need to be debated and enacted to ensure more equitable legislation on land rights within Australia Struggles by Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander people for recognition of their rights and interests have been long and arduous (Choo & Hollobach 2003:5). The ‘watershed’ decision made by the High Court of Australia in 1992 (Mabo v Queensland) paved the way for Indigenous Australians to obtain what was ‘stolen’ from them in 1788 when the British ‘invaded’ (ATSIC:1988). The focus of legislation in the past w... ...oseville NSW: McGraw Hill. Brennan, F. 1995. One land, One Nation. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. Richard Harding, Roderic Broadhurst, Anne Ferrante, Nini Loh. 1995. Aboriginal Contact with the criminal justice system. Leichardt, NSW: Hawkins Press Keon- Cohen, B. 2001. Native Title in the New Millennium. Sydney: Panther Publishing. Choo, C and Hollbach, S. 2003. History and Native Title. Western Australia: Studies in Western Australian History. Australian Government. 1993. Addressing the key issues for reconciliation. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. Bourke, E and Edwards, B. 1994. Aboriginal Australia. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. Healey, J. 2002. Aboriginal Disadvantage. Rozelle NSW: Spinney Press. Healey, J. 2007. Native Title and Land Rights. Thirroul NSW: Spinney Press

Exercise In Coping Up With Stress Education Essay

Stress is strictly a fact of nature to anyone in this universe. Stress is the impact of forces from the exterior or inside universe heartwarming the person ( Dryden, 1996, p.52 ) . Different persons react to emphasize in ways that touch the person, in add-on to, their environment. This paper will seek to look into how the usage of exercising affects the degree of emphasis among university pupils. Respondents for the survey will be University pupils from all modules. University pupils are celebrated to hold a high leaning to emphasize experience.Background OverviewUniversity instruction system has been altering every twenty-four hours due to emerging demands of higher instruction. For case, most public universities are regarded as research universities due to the sum of research being undertaken in those universities. University pupils, hence, bump into high force per unit area with the alteration of the instruction system ( Ebert, 2010, p. 271 ) . Consequently, the exam-oriented strategy in many universities lead to anxiety among bookmans since the pupils is forced to determine that acquiring good classs in the scrutiny aids them to be a nice frontrunner and get a respectable occupation in the hereafter.Problem StatementThe researches which have been done in t he yesteryear were conducted to look into the factors that influence the degree force per unit area among bookmans. However, there has been no any survey that verified and compared the designated of import facets towards choosing the foremost facet that sway the degree of anxiousness ( Dryden, 1996, p.34 ) . In add-on, the survey carried before has been piloted merely other degrees of instruction other than university instruction. Therefore, this research will seek to successfully look into the consequence of exercising in get bying with emphasis to university pupils. Therefore, the job statement for this probe can be spawned as: & A ; acirc ; ˆ?how does the usage of exercising aid in get bying up with emphasis among university pupils? & A ; acirc ; ˆA?Research ProblemThis survey will be done to size up and understand how exercising can be used in get bying with emphasis to university bookmans. Besides that, the survey will besides be speculative to how good exercising can b e used to act upon the degree of force per unit area among university scholars. This survey will concentrate to detect the importance of exercising in get bying with the degree of emphasis among the pupils in the establishment of higher instruction. Consequently, the research job can be formulated as: Use of exercising in get bying up with emphasis among university pupils.Research AimsThe followers are the aims of this survey: To look into the usage of exercising ( independent variables ) in get bying with emphasis among university pupils ( dependent variable ) . To happen out the influence of exercising to the degree of emphasis among university pupil.Research QuestionsSince the research job is highly wide to be studied openly, the following are the research inquiries that will assist to achieve the research intent for this probe: 1. What are the effects of exercising to the degree of emphasis among university pupil? 2. Is exercise helpful in get bying with emphasis among university pupil? 3. How good can exert be used in get bying with emphasis among university pupils?Literature ReviewStress is the attitude of unfamiliarity between environmental necessities ( stressors ) and single capableness to accomplish these necessities. Harmonizing to ( Dryden, 1996, p.45 ) , emphasis is the awful reaction from persons who have to unsafe force per unit area. Pressure takes topographic point when a individual is handled with a state of affairs that they recognize as overpowering and can non manage. Stress is recognized as a response shown by a diverseness of peripheral occurrences and can be treated as a positive or negative experience. Allard ( 2001 ) defines emphasis as an order focused to the adaptative capablenesss both bodily and emotionally. If these abilities can win the demand and take disposition in the stimulation concerned, so anxiousness will go an optimistic force of inducement and frailty versa is true. Stress is likely to impede scholastic public presentation and influence about 1000000s of pupils per twelvemonth. Harmonizing to Bj & A ; Atilde ; Â ¶rling ( 2009 ) , emphasis is debatable to command due its random effect on individuals. Dryden ( 1996 ) , through his research realized that pupils come across indicant of desperateness, anxiousness, and affair usage. Stress in educational establishments can impact pupil negatively and positively if non good administered ( Ebert, 2010, p. 274 ) . Educational establishments have diverse occupation milieus, as opposed to nonacademic. It is forecasted to hold changes in marks, facets, and effects of emphasis to pupils ( Burns, 2000, p.67 ) . It is really good to the society that scholars be educated and additions the critical cognition and proficiencies. This ensures that they make them add positively to the growing and development of the corporate economic system of any given state. Nevertheless, the complex academic environment seldom generates serious wellness troubles to the bookmans ‘ life. This tends to travel contrary to the confirmatory additions that one would prevent after progressing from University ( Onghena, 2002, p. 150 ) . These pupils must, hence, pay close attending to the assorted university ambiances and border an effectual and adept force per unit area direction in the establishment of higher instruction ( Gibson, 2006, p. 45 ) . University besides ought to maintain tantrum and stable academic ambiances good for improved acquisition, which is suited, with respect to the pupils ‘ distinguishable demands. Disposition of pupils airss diverse degree of mentalities to pupils ( Dryden, 1996, p.75 ) . In add-on, pupils ‘ upbringings influences how one differentiates the fortunes around them ( Nicassio, 1987, p. 61 ) . There are different sorts of expectancies, desires, and values for scholars which they pursue to carry through at the university. It can merely be possible to be identified merely if their abilities, desires, and values are combined with what have been presented in the university ( Martire, 2008, p.357 ) .MethodologyThis subdivision will concentrate on methods that were used to roll up informations needed to reply the research inquiries. This subdivision focus majorly on: research design, trying techniques and processs, informations aggregation tools and method of informations analysis.Research DesignHarmonizing to Dryden ( 1996 ) , a research design is the organisation lineation or a program that is used to make replies to research jobs. Research design is intended to bring forth arithmetical information about the characteristic that policy shapers and researc h workers are interested in ( Dryden, 1996, p.115 ) . This research will utilize a descriptive design to roll up information and carry out the study. This sort of design is extremely suited to the sort of information to be collected in this research.AdvantageDescriptive research offers research workers the chance to utilize both finite and qualitative informations in order to detect informations and characteristics about the phenomenon that is being investigated.DisadvantageDescriptive research normally has a subjectiveness and mistake which is disadvantageous to descriptive research. From the subjectiveness and mistake, research worker may pick what facts to utilize and ignore informations that do non follow to their hypothesis.Participants and enlistingThe survey bunch will include pupils from different modules who were contacted via electronic mail to take portion in the survey undertaking. The pick of pupils will be convenience sample of 130 university pupil. All pupils will be eligible to be selected for engagement. The bunch will besides hold equal gender representation which is equal to 65 male pupils and 65 female pupils. This is conformity to the rule of equal representation in aggregations ( Dryden, 1996, pp.115-117 ) . The bunch will besides seek to hold equal representation in all modules.SampleIn this probe, the simple random sample will be performed as a methodological analysis for this research paper. Data will be collected from a reappraisal of the population of bookmans from every individual module within the University ( Dryden, 1996, p.111 ) . The participants who will be make fulling in the study will be from assorted backgrounds for case race, gender and educational degree. The bunch will include pupils who will be analyzing in an extended assortment of educational subjects and those who achieved a normal scope of grade point norms. This study will be wholly voluntary ; however, it will be completed by all sampled pupils in the category.AdvantageSample random method is highly representative if all issues take part.DisadvantageThis method is non likely without whole list of population participants. It is besides perchance wasteful to carry through. Not burying that it can be troublesome to insulate some participants from a group.Data aggregationData will be gathered utilizing self-administered 10 entries questionnaire which will seek to detect the importance of exercising in get bying with emphasis among university pupils. The questionnaire will besides seek to happen out how good exercising can be used in cut downing the degree of emphasis among university pupils ( Dryden, 1996, p.117 ) . It will take each participant a approximately 5- 10 minute to finish. The inquiries will be easy to reply, but there will be counsel to the respondents. This will guarantee that they provide the needed information and besides supply accurate and relevant information.Ethical DeductionsPrior to any project of the survey, behavior research moralss commission application should be completed. While making this research, this signifier will be filled ( Appendix V ) . At the clip, of enlisting participant will be given the needed information leting them to make up one's mind whether to take part in survey utilizing a standard verbal book ( Appendix II ) . If the respondents will be willing to larn more about the survey they will be given a missive of debut ( Appendix III ) . An information sheet depicting the survey and what would be expected of them will besides be provided ( Appendix IV ) . They will be made cognizant that any information provided is purely confidential and in no manner w ill they be identified in the research ( Appendix III ) . Persons wishing to take part in the survey will subscribe a consent signifier ( Appendix V ) . It will be made known to them that if they feel at all affected or disturbed by the survey ; they are welcome to reach the research worker with their concern for farther probe ( Appendix IV ) . While making publication of consequences obtained in the research, ethical unity will be indispensable. Important ethical hurts will be considered while composing a papers ( Dryden, 1996, p.98 ) . Although there are hazards of false publication, extra publication, plagiarism, authorship, and chance for struggle of involvement ( Dryden, 1996, p.121 ) . Strategies will be established to forestall or detect ethical amendss, and usage of these attacks will rise ethical honestness when fixing a concluding papers for publication. Information therefore, given by the respondent in this topic will non be subjected to the above stated hazard. Therefore, respondents should experience free while giving out information. They are being protected from any hazard.

Religion and Identity Essay

The question often arrived what is religion? There are more than one answer to this depending on one’s culture, identity, ethics and beliefs. Religion can be found in different cultures and throughout the whole period of human history. There is evidence that shows signs of religion such as animal spirits in art and human burials that suggest the belief in life after death. There have been many different answers and definition to what religion is (Van Voorst, 2013). According to Robert E. Van Voorst (2013), religion is â€Å"Pattern of beliefs and practices that expresses and enacts what a community regards as sacred and/or ultimate about life (pg.5). In addition to that, there is the separation of church and state. In America, the right to freedom of religion is very central to the American democracy that it was preserved in the First Amendment to the Constitution along with other rights such as freedom of speech and freedom of press. The country’s founders restrict the separation of church and state. This is due to the prohibition against government regulation or endorsement of religion. According to American Civil Liberties Union of Florida (2012), the standard of separation has been regularly tested. In early America, even after church establishment ended, some state legislators sought to revive the compulsory taxation of citizens to support religious institutions. In this century, public schools were once required to teach the biblical version of the earth’s and humanity’s creation, while the scientific theory of evolution was prohibited. Throughout our history, sectarian advocates have tried to inject religious exercises, such as daily prayer, into the public schools. At times, religious minorities, including members of â€Å"cults,† have been discriminated against because of their beliefs. And today, many citizens in many communities disagree about whether a model of the infant Jesus in the manger, which officially promotes certain religious beliefs over others, should be displayed on the steps of City Hall. The courts must frequently consider where to draw the line that separates church and state ( ¶5). Religion is one of our most critical tradition and constitutional rights and must stand against anything that would challenge the standard of separation, which protects that freedom. Reid Temple African Methodist Episcopal Church was the group that I visited. Though it is not my own religious practice, it qualifies as a religion. Driving up to the church there is a sign that has the name of the church boldly written in LED lights. The welcome message display in red across the board says â€Å"All Are Welcome†. Inside of Reid Temple church they have a Cross as their symbol posted high where all can see. The service was nice with the choir singing praises to God and special prayer request were taken. After the service, I spoke with the Senior Pastor about his church and what exactly do they believe in. I was informed that their slogan is â€Å"Aiming to Please through the 5 E’s. This came from II Corinthians 5:9 which states â€Å"So whether at home or away, we make our aim to please Him. (RSV). The 5 E’s were described to me as â€Å"Evangelism which is sowing the seed of God’s Word in the hearts of all people. Empowerment which is bestowing love and guidance on believers to disciple them in fulfilling their purpose. Education which is knowing the will of God through study and obedience of His Word. Economics which is flowing in financial prosperity according to God’s wealth principles and Expansion which is growing in all ministry areas to reach the growing harvest of souls† ( Washington, L. Personal interview January 13, 2013). The cross is a reminder of their pledge and it also reminds them that Jesus died for their sins and to Him all praise is given. Buddhism also has a symbol such as the Dharmachakra which is the wheel of the law. The eight spokes on the wheel represents the eightfold path. The wheel is one of the most important Buddhist symbols because it symbolizes the teachings of Buddha. According to Thames & Hudson (2004), The wheel’s motion is a metaphor for the rapid spiritual change engendered by the teachings of the Buddha: the Buddha’s first discourse at the Deer Park in Sarnath is known as the â€Å"first turning of the wheel of dharma.† His subsequent discourses at Rajgir and Shravasti are known as the â€Å"second and third turnings of the wheel of dharma.† The eight spokes of the wheel symbolize the Noble Eightfold Path set out by the Buddha in his teachings. The wheel also represents the endless cycle of samsara, or rebirth, which can only be escaped by means of the Buddha’s teachings. And some Buddhists regard the the wheel’s three basic parts as symbols of the â€Å"three trainings† in Buddhist practice: The hub symbolizes moral discipline, which stabilizes the mind. The spokes (usually there are eight) represent wisdom which is applied to defeat ignorance. The rim represents training in concentration, which holds everything else together ( ¶ 2 & 3). In the early days, the Dharmachakra not only symbolizes the teaching of Buddha but also Buddha himself. Today, it appears in the art of every Buddhist culture (para 5). Practicing religion can shape an individual and group identity. Take Buddhism for example that is followed by many Indians. This religion practices the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. The Four Noble Truths teaches that: 1. All life is suffering- this suggests that all beings experience suffering and that it can be ranged from great physical and mental pain to mild emotional unhappiness. Suffering originates from anger and sadness but then happiness is also suffering because it comes and goes. 2. The cause of suffering is desire- This suggests that humans want what they do not have and should not have. Humans’ personal desire for happiness is the cause of the suffering. 3. To end desire is to end suffering -which suggests that putting all craving and personal desires to an end will therefore end the suffering. This breaks the negative karma which leads to the 4th Noble Truth 4. To end desire- one must follow the Noble Eightfold Path. The Eightfold Path is : 1. The right to understanding which ends the concept of what one think is reality and see reality as it is. 2. The right to intention is where people must want to change before they can actually be change. 3. The right to speech which is speaking the truth at all times. 4. The right to conduct which means no killing, stealing, drinking, intoxicants and being sexual. 5. The right to livelihood which is working and living a life that does not cause others harm. 6. The right to effort which is developing a conscious free from craving. 7. The right to mindfulness which is to be aware and mindful and 8. The right to contemplation which is the deepening of mindfulness that leads to concentration and insight may be obtained (Van Voorst,2013). Practicing the Four Noble Truths and The Eightfold Path teaches and shape the followers of Buddhism. It is a way of life for them which teach them to take time to find out who they are and what they are all about. It is a guideline to ethical and menta l development. Shinto culture is another example of how practicing religion and shape individuals or groups. The people of Japan practices Shinto and is rooted in the people there and their traditions. The Shinto gods that are called kami are sacred spirits. These spirits can take form in things such as wind, rain, mountains, trees, rivers and fertility. Shinto religion believes that when a human dies they become a kami and is given back to their families and ancestral kami. There not a right from wrong in Shinto and their faith is based on being optimistic. The Shinto faith is blended with other beliefs such as that of Buddhism and Daoism. It does not have a founder, written documents, formalized ethics, system of beliefs, scripture or an organized system of theology but with the blend of Buddhism and Daoism, the Japanese culture now have a system of beliefs, written documents, founder, ethics and all that it was lacked before. It is still a central religion of Japan (Carroll, 2012). Shinto grounds are very sacred and behavior must be proper at all times. There are no food or drink allowed and there must be silence or hushed voices. Purity is important in Shinto and there is a certain procedure in washing your hands on mouth. Purity is important in pleasing the kami which brings a happy life. Van Voorst wrote that â€Å"Cleanliness in particular signifies a good character and freedom from bad external influences. In Western societies one hears the proverb â€Å"Cleanliness is next to godliness.† In traditional Japanese society cleanliness—of body, mind, and spirit, both ritual and practical—is godliness. To be in harmony with the kami, one must keep one’s person, home, and business clean† (pg 198). Religion has always been connected with government and politics. The Western world has a history of influence from Catholicism and Protestant rift. It is very similar to the history of some parts of Southern Asia that have been influenced by Islam. The interconnection of both religion and government is to be expected because both are regulating social behavior. During the past century, religion has been less influential. Modern governments have been influenced by Democratic philosophy which put importance of the average man and a sharing of the world’s resources. These ideas continue to shape modern society in different ways. For example, technology has drastically changed the nature of life and work. Traditional religious systems are gradually becoming less important. The trend towards secularism continues but has not been nearly as pronounced in the United States and regular church attendance started to decrease in the 1960’s and early 1970’s. It increased again post World War II period. There is only a small majority of Americans who thinks religion is of any importance in their lives (Federal Funding of Faith-Based Services, 2011). Many people know what religion is until they are asked to define it. Religion is a worldly thing, across many boundaries in human experience and so that makes it a bit hard to define. There are a few different definition of religion and many have different religious experience and understanding of Ultimate Reality. At Reid Temple, I asked the lady sitting next to me if she could tell what Ultimate Reality means. She said to her Ultimate Reality meant a personal relationship with God. In a different culture Ultimate Reality could mean spiritual growth or spiritual path. Not everyone is all about religion though. There are some cultures who prefer that their beliefs not to be subject as a religion but as a faith or teaching. There are some who argue that they are not religious but they are spiritual. References American Civil Liberties Union of Florida. (2012). Church and state. Retrieved from http://www.aclufl.org/take_action/download_resources/info_papers/3.cfm Carroll,B.J. (2012). Shinto basics. Retrieved from http://www.world-religions-professor.com/shinto.html Federal Funding of Faith-Based Services. (2011). Religion and public policy. Retrieved from http://www.newsbatch.com/religion.htm Thames & Hudson. (2004). Reading Buddhist Art: an illustrated guide to Buddhist signs and Symbols. Retrieved from http://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/symbols/wheel.htm Van Voorst, R.E. (2013). World relg. Student edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. USA Washington, L.P. (2013). Reid Temple Senior Pastor. Personal Interview January 13, 2013.

Social Differentiation

Gender of human remains can show social differentiation in a variety of different ways. One such factor is damage on the bones may indicate the job of the deceased, for example, signs of osteoarthritis in the Canadian Inuits jaws and right hands indicate that they were sewing skins. In comparison, disease to the right shoulder and elbow in some cases show that the deceased used harpoons which have been interpreted as men who hunted.Social differences have been seen between male and female skeletons at Tell Abu Hureyra; grooves in the sides of women's teeth are thought to have been caused by drawing fibres through them before using the fibres in baskets and male skeletons had lesions and strain injuries to their arms which might be associated with spears. However, these lesions may have been created by post depositional factors. Another evaluative point is that these remains do not prove that all males hunted and all females sewed – it only proves that women had bad teeth.The l ayout of graves also show social differentiation as evidence at Skara Brae shows us; bodies of two females, interred in stone-built graves, were discovered beneath the right hand bed and wall. It was apparent that the females had been buried there before the house was constructed and their presence could have signified some sort of foundation ritual. However, this may also signify that this area was their domain in life. Social differentiation can also be identified through the age of the deceased.At West Kennet, DNA analysis on the bones has shown that 46 individuals were disarticulated into various transepts in the tomb. The bones were sorted into not only by gender, but also age; infant, young adult and elderly, suggesting that each age group had a specific role within the society. To a certain extent grave goods can tell us a lot about social differentiation based on gender. Rich male graves are often interpreted in terms of what he earned whereas when a woman is found which ric h grave goods they are often attributed to her father or husband.Women having their own status is not considered a lot within archaeology. In inhumations, if women over a certain age have certain grave goods, and the younger ones do not it can be argued that those goods represent the dowry exchanged in marriage. A reoccurring theme from the Bronze Age onwards is that women were regularly buried with pins, necklaces and bracelets however, the interpretation that this was a dowry is not always correct as DNA analysis [ARCH 2] at West Hazelton showed some females were buried with weapons and some males were buried with jewellery and so the grave goods may indicate achieved status.Until recently, the sexing of burials relied on grave goods. Jewellery without weapons was expected in female graves and so was used to define these graves. However, the problem with this method is that they might not be compatible with modern society’s biased view on male and female belongings such as the Birdlip Burial. Along with the deceased, this contained a mirror and jewellery and it was thought to be a rich princess’s grave or that of Boudicca herself, however, recent examination and CAT scans of the skull shows that it has masculine traits which contrasts with the original interpretation.The assemblage is also notable in that the artefacts had all been broken and a vessel had been placed over the face of the dead and so it is thought that it may have been a male shaman and not a princess. Grave goods can show achieved or ascribed status which is also shown with the age of the body. Vedbaek Bodbakken shows a child buried on a swans wing and other natural objects such as amber along with its mother. The age of the infant and the mother who was only believed to be about 18 has helped to interpret the grave as one of a wife or daughter of a chief.The grave is thought to be such high status because of the effort and time placed into the burial and ascribed status becaus e the child had not had time to earn it themselves. One problem with using the age is there is a lack of younger burials, high infant mortality rates and so are disregarded. For example the presence of 97 baby inhumations at a brothel at a Roman Villa in Thames Valley shows that the Romans did not consider children to be human until they reached a certain age.The layout of a settlement can help to show social differentiation through gender and age because of the views of modern archaeologists. For example at Skara Brae each of the eight dwellings found have the same basic layout – a large room, with a fireplace in the middle, a bed on either side and a dresser facing the entrance. However, the right hand bed is always larger that than the left hand bed which has led some archaeologists, including one of the site's main excavators, Gordon Childe, to speculate that the layout of the village is gendered – right being male and left being female.Beads and paintpots were als o found on some of the smaller beds – lending to the gendered theory. Also, House 7 in Skara Brae appears very much like the other houses in the community, however, several distinctive features have led archaeologists and historians to interpret that it played a unique part in village life. The house is isolated from the main part of the village and access is gained down a side-passage, it is also the only house in the village in which the door was barred from the outside, not the inside.The bodies of two females, interred in stone-built graves, were discovered beneath the right hand bed and wall. It was apparent that the females had been buried there before the house was constructed and their presence could have signified some sort of foundation ritual. Most theories on the subject involve confinement or separation from the rest of the community – they range from childbirth and menstruation to initiation through ritual and imprisonment.

Nature and Regulation of Companies and Their Operations Essays

Nature and Regulation of Companies and Their Operations Essays Nature and Regulation of Companies and Their Operations Essay Nature and Regulation of Companies and Their Operations Essay Nature Regulation of Companies Company Operations Legal nature of company ? Separate legal identity, distinct from owners ? Companies act through agents’. eg. shareholders elect board of directors to act on their behalf Public Company (Ltd. ) ? Limited liability of owners Raises funds from public Types of companies Private Company (Pty. Ltd. ) Regulation of companies Corporations Law: Companies must keep proper accounting records; prepare yearly half-yearly FS; ensure FS comply with accting standards.Accounting Standards: Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) is responsible for issuing accounting standards which have backing of the Corporations Law. Australian Stock Exchange – listing rules require companies disclose certain info. s which are necessary to fully inform stock market. Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC): administers Corporations Law including compliance with Accounting Standards International Accting Standards Board (IASB): attempts to converge/harmonise acting standards throughout the world.Reasons for regulating financial reporting Reasons for preparing FS: Provides info. that is useful for making economic decisions to resource providers (eg. shareholders, lenders, employees), recipients of GS (eg. customers, taxpayers), oversight groups (eg. regulatory agencies, media, unions). Characteristics of useful accting info. : relevance (predictive, feedback, timely), faithful representation (verifiable, Gloria Ltd reliable, free from bias), comparability consistency, materiality.Relationship between FSs Revaluation of video library by $1500: DR Video Library Cr Revaluation surplus Revaluation of library is shown in other comprehensive income Gloria Ltd Statement of income and other comprehensive income For period ended 31 January 2012 Income Rental revenue 10600 Expenses (classified by function) Selling expenses -advertising 200 Administrative expenses -telephone 195 -electricity 185 -postage 165 -wages 5000 Financial expenses -interest Total expenses 5745 Profit before income tax 4855 Income tax expense (30%) (1457) Profit for the year 3398 Other comprehensive income Gain on revaluation of video library 1500 Total comprehensive income 4898 Gloria Ltd Statement of changes in equity For period ended 31 January 2012 Total comprehensive income for the year 4898 Share capital Balance at 1 January 2012 60000Balance at 31 January 2012 60000 Reserves General reserve Balance at 1 January 2012 0 Balance at 31 January 2012 0 Revaluation surplus Balance at 1 January 2012 0 Gain on revaluation video library 1500 Balance at 31 January 2012 1500 Retained earnings Balance at 1 January 20 12 0 Profit for period 3398 Dividend paid (800) Balance at 31 January 2012 2598 Balance changes in equity 68996 Separation of owner from manager Does not raise funds from public Managers acting as agents of owners /shareholders No separation of owner from manager existence of interested users Normally, smaller, closely held May be listed or unlisted no interested users E. g.Facebook’s IPO Not a reporting entity Is a reporting entity Keep records for business Req’ed to prepare financial reports Compliance with AASBs not normally necessary Financial reports prepared in accordance with External audit not necessary (usually) accounting stds Generally, less regulation Financial reports subject to audit Generally, more regulation Statement of financial position As at 31 January 2012 Current assets Cash 76655 Accounts receivable 0 Prepaid rent 14400 91055 Non-current assets Store fittings 8000 Video library 31500 Computer 4000 Total assets 134555 Current liabilities Unearned revenue Accounts payable Tax payable Non-current liabilities Loan Total liabilities Net assets Equity Share capital Reserves Retained earnings Revaluation surplus Total equity 9000 20000 1457 30457 40000 70457 64098 60000 2598 1500 64098An entity is affected by external (sales purchases, borrowings) and internal (use of supplies equipment) events which are only recorded if it affects the entity’s A, L or OE. Transactions involving capital contributions, revenues, exp. s, dividends affect OE as it dec. s their claim on entity. IASB’s The Framework: Asset: A resource controlled by the entity as a result of past transactions or events from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. Definition criterion: FEB, control of FEB, result of past event. Liability: Future sacrifices of economic benefits that the entity is presently obliged to make to other entities as a result of past transactions or other past events. Definition criterion: prese nt obligation, sacrifice/settlement of EB in future, result of past event.Equity: The residual interest in the assets of the entity after deduction of its liabilities. No definition criterion. Main components: issued capital, RE, reserves Income: Inflows or other enhancements, or savings in outflows, of future economic benefits in the form of increases in assets or reductions in liabilities other than those relating to contributions from owners, that result in an increase in equity during the reporting period. Includes both revenue and gains. Arises as a result of changes in A L (BS approach). AASB101 Presentation of FS requires disclosure of Total comprehensive income’ ? represents change in equity’ during period resulting from non-owner related transactions other events.Expense: Consumptions or losses of future economic benefits in the form of reductions in assets or increases in liabilities of the entity, other than those relating to distributions to owners, that result in a decrease in equity during the reporting period. Recognition criterion for A, L, OE, R, E: Probable that FEB associated with item will flow to/from entity + Iten has cost/other value that can be measured reliably. Contingent A L – additional recognition criteria: amount recognised should be best estimate of expenditure required to settle present obligation at reporting date. Such amounts are not recognised in FSs but are disclosed by way of notes. Measurement on A, L, OE, R, E Historical cost, current cost, replacement value, PV, fair value.Most liabilities are stated at face/nominal value except if settled 12months+, then can use PV. Classification of expenses is by function (eg. selling exp. , financial exp. ) or nature. Accounting Policies: principles, bases or rules adopted by company in preparing presenting financial reports. AASB 108 Accounting Policies, changes in Accounting estimates and error covers: setting, changing and disclosure of accounting policie s in FSs. When selecting accounting policies consider: ? Relevance – enables predictions/expectations about future performance, enables confirmation/refutation of past evaluations, enables assessment of accountability rendered by preparers of FSs ?Faithful representation – free from material error and can be depended upon by users to represent faithfully that which it purports to represent. Portrays economic substance over legal form. ? Accountability Accounting entries: ? Inc. in RE with profit: DR PL summary CR RE ? Loss on trading: DR RE CR PL summary ? Distribute dividend to shareholders: DR Dividend declared CR Cash DR Dividend declared CR dividend payable DR dividend payable CR Cash // Paid dividend: Dr Dividends Cr Cash ? Paying monthly wage: DR cash and CR wage exp. (NOT wage payable) ? Received $300 each from thirty customers to join the VIP Programme. The Programme allows them unlimited rentals for the next 12 months: DR Cash CR Unearned Revenue

Coastal County clerk problem solution

Coastal County clerk problem solution Free Online Research Papers Problem Solution: Coastal County Clerk of Court Coastal Countys Clerk of Court has long provided traditional county clerical and administrative services to a community that was bypassed during much of Floridas growth. In addition to these services, the Clerk also acts as the countys Constitutionally-chartered Chief Financial Officer. For many years, the Court Clerk was Art Brewer, who easily won re-election every four years not just because he was familiar with the county and its residents, but because he maintained low operating costs. One reason for Arts low operating costs was his failure to incorporate technology throughout the 1990s; Coastal County only used computer systems when absolutely required to do so by the State of Florida. Art did not encourage use of the Internet or external sourcing as ways to provide cost-effective county services; he did not even use the state-sponsored mail-in vehicle license program until the State mandated it. In Arts mind, Coastal County was sparsely populated, and it was just as easy for residents to conduct such business at the courthouse. By 1998, development began catching up with Coastal County when Northern Florida retirees began flocking to the sleepy little village of Amber Beach. As newcomers caused the county population to surge, the Office of Clerk of Court found itself facing more citizens, more property development, and a growing attitude that Art Brewer and the Clerks office needed to enter the tech era, whether they wanted to or not (Clerk of Court Scenario, 2009). Describe the Situation Issue and Opportunity Identification The Clerk of courts faces serious issues that are having a negative impact in the organization. The first issue is the lack of new technology. Even though the former Clerk of Courts was praised for keeping an excellent budget, he should have invested in updating technology within the organization. The population was growing an increase in property development called for the use of new technology which was unavailable. The court was criticized for not having a website. In today’s advance technological era not having a website was very archaic. Another issue that The Clerk of Courts faced was with was the inability to implement a â€Å"conflict prevention† measure within the organization. (Dana, chp 1, 2001) Munger, Bodkin and Accord had competing interests and their inability to address their interests properly resulted in a breakdown of trust. Munger was dealing with hostility that had been accumulated over many years and manifested itself when Accord took office and implemented the employee accountability rule. Bodkin was concerned about his personal health and his ability to perform his job under a new leader and the special consideration that he has received over the years. Accord had a negative view of the organizational structure that the Clerk of Courts had established over the years and wanted to implement immediate changes. There was nothing in place to proactively diffuse and resolve the differences between the employees and Munger before it escalated to the magnitude that it did. Stakeholder Perspectives/Ethical Dilemmas The stakeholders for the Coastal County Clerk of Court are the employees, the employees’ families, the community of Amber Beach, and the Florida Human Rights Commission (FHRC), which is an EEOC intake agency. All the stakeholders attempt to provide the cause of their interest and values in the hope that it will persuade the organizations decision making. The opportunity to develop a stronger facility is readily available to the court and investing in new technology and developing a conflict prevention plan will provide the opportunity to lower the risk that will come with balancing a technologically advanced facility and new business perspectives within the organization. Wilmot and Hocker say, â€Å"Because a clear linkage does not exist, the organizational environment becomes dysfunctional, confused, and ripe for ineffective implementation of organizational strategy and of the organizational projects (Wilmot Hocker, 2009).† Frame the â€Å"Right† Problem Coastal County Clerk of Court must acclimate itself to the new technology. Another important step is for the Court to establish a way to deal with employee conflict because a great deal of this exists within the organization. Another opportunity is available for the Court, to examine the resources and create an effective and efficient operation for the citizens of Amber Beach. A training program that focuses on technology and the new polices that Accord wants to implement should be developed for the employees. Describe the â€Å"End-State† Vision Coastal County Clerk of Court has the opportunity to become the local leader in customer satisfaction due to its continued efforts to introduce any new technology when it comes available; because of this the customer satisfaction rating should increase dramatically. The Court can also establish itself as a leader in employee satisfaction with the ability to defuse any conflict as it arises because they will develop a proactive approach to problem solving within the organization by implementing appropriate job training when new ideas and services are introduced. Identify the Alternatives and Benchmarking Validation The Court can achieve their goals through any number of methods or a combination of those methods. The first of the methods would be to introduce the technology one piece at a time; develop a training program that will ensure that the internal staff understands how it works and can assist the community in using the new technology. They can put the technology out there to test the users and see how they like it, if it seems to be user friendly and meets the needs of the citizens. Another possible alternative would be to develop a conflict resolution plan that they can implement whenever internal conflict exists. Someone has to step in to help with the elder employee’s situation if not the special interest groups will have a field day with the Court. The Court could truly take something from Coca Cola, who has an excellent conflict resolution program in place and is said to be one of the best places to work for employee overall satisfaction. Another company that I researched is Home Depot, who is very good at keeping up and sometimes ahead of technology, if Coastal County Clerk of Courts were to take a little from each of those companies they would be a huge success. Evaluate the Alternatives These alternatives are largely risk free, the goal to increase the use of technology and using computers more to do the work and develop a website so that people can do what they need to do in their own homes, is a very realistic goal and can be easily achieved. The only real risk is the cost but it will eventually pay off. The second alternative, the developing of a conflict resolution plan is basically risk free unless it does not work then they would have the time and the money invested into a new program, but the court must have one. The third alternative solution is implementing a program that address the needs of all employees not just a select few that are vocal about their personal needs outside of the workplace. Although these issues are not job related, they can have an impact on employee performance in the long run. By putting a solid plan in place that addresses all employee needs, the elderly sector’s special needs can fall under that plan and the courts will b e less likely accused of discrimination practices. The court could be predisposed to litigation from several sources if a plan is not in place. Narrowed List of Alternatives The best alternative is to develop a training program for the employees to learn how to use the new technology and introduce it to the citizens slowly so that they do not become overwhelmed. The second best alternative is to develop a conflict resolution plan that will be known and adopted by all employees. Currently there is no policy in place and the court needs such a policy. The third best solution is to create an employee program that addresses the needs of all employees . Identify and Asses Risks For the first alternative of implementing a training program to get the Court into the technology of today includes a small amount of risk. It will be time consuming and has the potential risk of being somewhat costly, but is the best solution and be beneficial to the court in the future. The next is to implement the technology in phases and this has again the risk of being time consuming and could run into a situation where it becomes costly. The third alternative with a risk involved is to establish a conflict resolution plan and introduce it into policy. This will hold the risk of also being somewhat time consuming and also could be ineffective. Make the Decision Managers recognize that time, the cost, and the subsequent resource estimates must be accurate if the project planning, the scheduling, and the controlling are to be effective. The optimal solution for Coastal County Clerk of Court would be to design a training program for the employees. The program should be gradual but approached with consistency so that the employees are not overwhelmed. This solution is also time consuming but is the best way because the Court is considerably behind in technology and they must get the programs in place as quickly and thoroughly as possible. Develop and Implement the Solution For Coastal County Clerk of Court to meet the deadline of introducing the new technology and the implementation of the new tech package it will develop a time-constrained project schedule; a time-constrained project is a project that must be completed by an imposed date; therefore, an important step is to have the resources identified in order to prevent any delays. Because the Court is so far behind technology wise they will have 10 days to develop a training plan for employees and to implement the first phase of the new project. Stan Accord will be sure that the phases are implemented on schedule that is one month after the previous phase. Stan will also have two weeks to develop and make policy the conflict resolution plan. If the Court is able to stay on schedule with this solution they will be a brand new technologically advanced organization. Evaluate the Results When a new strategy or plan is put into place, that change must be evaluated on its effectiveness and this itself is a task that must be carried out repeatedly to ensure the changes success. Coastal County Clerk of Court must evaluate the success of its new project; this can be done by looking at the effectiveness of the package, its customer satisfaction, and the employee satisfaction and productivity. The Court will see an increase in its efficiency and effectiveness after six months and it will see a definite rise in their customer and employee satisfaction numbers after the half year point. Following the evaluation after the six-month point the court will be able to evaluate the current changes and can set new goals and expectations and adjust their strategy if the court does not like where it is heading. Conclusion The benchmarking research conducted for Coastal County Clerk of Court provides a beginning foundation for the implementation of the courts strategy to provide an idea and a plan. When Coastal County Clerk of Court begins to move forward it should re-evaluate the courts mission to fully understand the courts current position and where the court wants to be. The Coastal County Clerk of Court needs to fully understand all the risks involved with any solution that is tried that could detour from the intended goal. Coastal County Clerk of Court can develop a strategy that will allow it to evaluate the technology used and the customer satisfaction and to develop a strategy that will meet the needs of the current and future citizens. If the court is able to implement the new technology it will allow Coastal County Clerk of Court to remain effective, efficient and a productive government office in Amber Beach, FL. References Coca Cola, (2008), TheCocaColaCompany.com, sustainability Retrieved November 23, 2009, from thecoca- colacompany.com/citizenship/diversity.html Gray, C., and Larson, E. (2006). Project Management: The Managerial Process, Chapter 2: Organization Strategy and Project Selection. The McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved November 22,2009 from University of Phoenix, eBook Collection https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary/content/eReader.h Home Depot, (2008) The HomeDepot.com, leadership and values Retrieved, November 17, 2009. From http://www6.homedepot.com/ecooptions/index.html University of Phoenix (2009). Week One Coastal County Clerk of Court Scenario. Retrieved November 29, 2009 from University of Phoenix week one eResource https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/gbam/coastalcountyclerkofcourt/File1.asp Table 1 Issues and Opportunities Identification Issues Opportunities Reference to Specific Course Concept The Clerk of Court is so far behind when it comes to technology To improve effectiveness and performance by using the technology available. The use of technology is discussed in Dana, Chapter three â€Å"how to resolve conflict† and in Dana, chapter eight â€Å"strategic management of organizational conflict† page 138 The newly elected Clerk is facing serious legal issues that have resulted from him letting the ‘older’ employees go. I cannot see where any real good can come from this, legal issues are never good for an organization and this may turn out to be the end of the new Clerk. The legal issues are discussed in Dana, chapter two â€Å"conflict resolution: mediation for everyday work life† and in Dana, chapter three â€Å"conflict resolution: mediation for everyday work life† Good chance to hire good employees employees to take some of the workload off of the Clerk. Employee selection and training is discussed in Noe, Hollinbeck, Gerhert, Wright â€Å"Planning and recruiting Human Resources† chapter five and chapter six. Table 2 Stakeholder Perspectives and Ethical Dilemmas Stakeholder Perspectives and Ethical Dilemmas Stakeholder Groups with Competing Values List: Group X versus Group Y The Interests, Rights, and Values of Each Group The Ethical Dilemma Based on the Competing Values The employees of the Clerk of Court versus the families of those employees. The employees have the right to be treated fair by the employer. The families of the employees have the right to be taken care of by the employees, their family that is employed by the Clerk of courts. There is a huge ethical dilemma that exists because the employees have a responsibility to take care of their loved ones but at the same time they do not want to lose their job by leaving to take care of their loved ones. The citizens of Amber Beach versus the employees The citizens of Amber Beach have an interest in the Court making sure their needs are met and they have the right to be taken care of effectively and efficiently. The employee has the values to make sure that the citizens are well taken care of but may not have the means to do so. The employees know that it is unethical to not take the absolute best care possible of their customers but the ethical dilemma is that they may not be equipped to do such a thing. Stan Accord versus the agencies that is in a legal battle with the Court. Stan Accord has the interest of the organization in mind and the right to do what he believes is best for it. The agencies have the interests of the employees in mind and what is best for them. Stan has a monstrous ethical dilemma, he has fired the older employees because he thought it was right and just now he is learning the hard way that those actions were unethical in the eyes of many agencies that support those employees. Table 3 Analysis of Alternative Solutions [Click Twice on Table to Change, see instructions on next page] Table 4 Risk Assessment and Mitigation Risk Assessment and Mitigation Alternative Risks and Probability Consequence and Severity Mitigation Techniques and Strategies Develop training plan for new technology to be implemented Time consuming Costly High Risk Employee support is needed to make the new technology work. Make the training a requirement. Make sure that each employee signs off as to being properly trained. Bring in a support staff just for new technology Time consuming Costly High Risk Still be stuck in the dark ages, not efficient or effective. Have a test group of citizens that try out the new technology Make sure that each phase is perfect before going on. Introduce the new technology one piece at a time. Develop a conflict resolution plan for the organization Low Risk Not being able to deal with conflict Make the plan part of the policy Be sure to get everyone’s signature to show they are aware of it. Table 5 Pros and Cons of Alternative Solutions Alternative Pros Cons Develop a training program for employees to learn how to use technology. The Court will be more efficient and effective after the training is complete. The customers will be much happier with the new technologies effectiveness. Will be costly. Will be time consuming. May not work effectively Implement the new technology in phases. The Court will be more efficient and effective after the new technology is completed. The employees and the customers will not be overwhelmed with it all at once Can be costly. Will be time consuming. Customers may not like. Develop a conflict resolution plan and introduce as policy. Be run more like a business. There will be no questions because everyone will sign off on the policy Will have a framework for dealing with conflict. May be time consuming. May not be effective in dealing with all conflicts The plan may alienate individuals. Table 6 Optimal Solution Implementation Plan Action Item Deliverable Timeline Who is Responsible Implement first phase of new technology Within 10 days Stan Accord or someone appointed to handle the new technology. Implement the second phase One month after first phase is introduced Stan Accord or someone appointed to handle the new technology. Implement third phase One month after second phase. One month after second phase Stan Accord or someone appointed to handle the new technology. Establish a conflict resolution plan Two weeks Stan Accord Develop an employee training plan for technology. 10 days Stan Accord Table 7 Evaluation of Results End-State Goals Metrics Target To be technologically advanced Will this increase effectiveness and efficiency? indeed this will create effectiveness and efficiency for the court. Resolve conflict between employees Will this increase the productivity of employees this will increase the productivity the employee will have no conflict Properly train employees on the use of new technology. Will this increase effectiveness and efficiency of the employee? Yes, indeed this will create effectiveness and efficiency for the employee. Resolve employment disputes in a manner that encourages positive communication between parties Does the selected process encourage positive communication between the parties at the outset of the resolution process? Yes, positive communication is encouraged by the process. 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